Besides the different terms used for the pattern, there is also some indeterminacy with respect to its particular form. All of the descriptions focus on the verb be , but mention is also made of go and remain. Our focus is on the form-function interplay of the pattern in order to gain information about its constructional status and its exact formal and semantic make-up. The results indicate that, on closer examination, the un -participle construction does not represent a homogeneous category, but must be seen as a schematic template of related, though different, usage events that may have expanded analogously from a prototype construction.
On the basis of our analyses and informed by findings from developmental studies, we suggest that the related constructions form a network. This article originates in a talk given at ICLC Also, I would like to thank Stefan Th. Gries for the generous provision of the software Coll. Analysis 3. All remaining errors are my own. Aarts , Bas. Secondary predicates in English. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar. Abbot-Smith , Kirsten F. How known constructions influence the acquisition of other constructions: The German passive and future constructions.
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Constructions at work. The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if …. Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town.
If a clause is shortened using a participle construction, the clause is called participle clause. In English, participle clauses are mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of information into one sentence. When shortening or combining clauses with a participle construction, keep the following rules in mind:. Sometimes participle clauses can be used even if the clauses to be combined do not have the same subject. Here, the participle clause must directly follow the object it is relating to.
Note: Some of the verbs mentioned here can also be used with the infinitive. For further information see Infinitive or Ing-Form. A participle construction is also possible, if both subjects are mentioned often the word 'with' is put before the subject in the participle clause.
This is very formal, however, and not often used. Example: Mrs Jones went to New York. Mr Smith took up her position. Incorrect Participle Clauses Apart from the exceptions mentioned above, participle clause and main clause should have the same subject. Otherwise the sentences might sound rather strange. Example: I was driving on the motorway, when the baby started to cry.
In this example you get the feeling that the baby has driven the car. So these participle clauses are considered wrong in standard English. A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed.
The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns.
There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed , -en , -d , -t , -n , or -ne as in the words asked , eaten , saved , dealt , seen , and gone. The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. Removing participle his coat direct object of action expressed in participle. The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying cousin.
The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying children.
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